Summary of Crime Reduction Efforts in Other Countries

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  1. Canada
    • Strategy:
    • Programs:
      • Substance Abuse Addiction Programs (formerly the Drug Strategy Community Initiatives Fund) - provides $26.3 million in funding to support evidence-based and innovative initiatives for substance use prevention and treatment.
      • National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS)
      • Drug Treatment Court Funding Program(DTCFP) - funds the development, delivery and evaluation of drug treatment courts in Canada.
    • Outcomes:
      • Drug Treatment Court Funding Program has contributed to reduced drug use behavior and criminal recidivism.[22]
      • According to ICPC 2015 Report, "changes in attitudes as a result of NCPS and DSCIF programs will only become apparent over the long term."[23]
  2. Australia
    • Strategy:
      • National Drug Strategy Framework- provides direction for government and non-government agencies in developing strategies to reduce drug abuse. Australia reviews and refines this framework every 5 years. The 2010-2015 strategy report can be found below:

 

 

    • Programs:
      • Police Drug Diversion- diverts people charged with drug possession to health intervention rather than the criminal justice system.
        • Programs are in place across Australia. For more information on individual programs see the following publication from the Australian Government:

 

 

      • Medically Supervised Injection Centres - provide clean, safe areas for people to inject.
    • Outcomes: Both supervised injection centers and diversion programs have been effective in reducing drug-related crime and recidivism.[24]


3. The Netherlands

    • Legislation
      • Opium Act (1919) - the trafficking, cultivation, manufacturing, dealing and possession of drugs (apart from marijuana in quantities of less than 5 grams) are considered crimes, but drug use itself is not illegal.[25]
    • Strategy
      • Strategy Plan for Social Relief - aims to improve living conditions for the homeless and reducing crime due to their behavior.
      • "Drug Policy Letter" (2011) denotes two pillars of Dutch drug policy: protecting public health and combatting public nuisance and organized crime.
        • Substitution intervention, psychosocial treatment, and rehabilitation treatment are emphasized[26]
    • Programs:
      • "Healthy School and Drugs" program aimed at reducing early drug use in adolescents
      • National telephone hotline that provides neutral, evidence-based information on drugs and referral information
      • Safe and Healthy Nightlife and Events Project - supports communities in the implementation of policies to support communities in education of young people in their parents to increase the safety of nightlife entertainment venues
      • "Safety Houses" - where police, municipalities, youth services, youth probation services, and addiction services come together to combine treatment and drug enforcement to address and prevent drug use by youth.[27]
      • Diversion - the policy encourages "drug addicts having committed minor offenses to take part in treatment programs as an alternative to incarceration. Part of their sentences may also be replaced with community service."[28]
      • Penitentiaries have Addiction Counseling Departments.[29]
      • Program for children of parents with mental illness or addiction problems (KOPP/KVO in Dutch) provides courses, interventions, and online services for parents with mental illness or substance abuse disorders.
    • Outcomes:
      • Dutch approaches to treatment have a greater cost-benefit than incarceration.[30]
      • Studies conducted in the Netherlands have shown a negative relationship between abstinence-based methadone treatments and reductions in crime.[31]

4. Portugal

    • Legislation:
      • Decree Law 30/200 - made the possession and acquisition of drugs an administrative offense
    • Strategy:
      • National Place for the Reduction of Addictive Behaviours and Dependences (PNRCAD) - emphasizes prevention, dissuasion, harm reduction, treatment and reintegration as well as demand reduction and illegal-drug supply reduction. [32]
      • National Mental Health Plan
    • Programs:
      • Operational Plan of Integrated Responses (PORI) - funds non-government organizations (NGOs) mandated with establishing primary and secondary prevention programs.[33]
      • Me and the Others - program that trains teachers and social workers to implement prevention services. Managed by the Directorate General for Intervention on Addictive Behaviors and Dependencies (SICAD).[34]
      • Commissions for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction (CDT) - consist of a legal expert appointed by the Ministry of Justice and two individuals appointed by the Ministry of Health. Similar to American Drug Courts, individuals arrested with drugs are brought before this group to discuss intervention instead of being processed by the criminal justice system.[35]
      • SICAD provides social reintegration services for recovering addicts, including internship opportunities and job-seeking advice.[36]
      • Needle Exchanges and Low-threshold substitution programs are in place in high drug-use areas across the nation.[37]
    • Outcomes:
      • The year after the implementation of Decree Law 30/200 the number of illicit-drug related offenses, such as robbery, fraud and assault decreased by 5,000 to 5,500 cases (Hughes & Stevens, 2010).[38]
      • Measures implemented at the time of decriminalization have been associated with a decrease in crime.[39]

5. The United Kingdom

    • Strategy:
      • The UK's 2010 strategy advocates a whole-life approach, from early prevention to addiction treatment (EMCDDA, 2013 as cited in ICPC, 2015). The three components of the plan are 1) reducing demand, 2) restricting supply, and 3) building recovery in communities.[40]
    • Programs:
      • "Talk to FRANK" public awareness campaign - includes a telephone helpline, website on the harmful effects of drugs, and a live chat facility. These outlets take on a neutral, non-judgemental tone to dissuade adolescents from using drugs (EMCDDA, 2015 as cited in ICPC, 2015).[41]
      • Rise Above online resource for adolescents
      • For drug offenses, treatment is available as an alternative to incarceration (EMCDDA, 2013 and RU1, 26.01.2015 a cited in ICPC, 2015). Youth Court 'liason and diversion schemes' diverting young users away from the criminal justice system are also in place (RU3, 27.04.2015 as cited by ICPC, 2015).
      • Substance Use Treatment is available in prisons (NTA-NHS, 2009 as cited in ICPC, 2015).
      • Drug Interventions Programme - targets substance abuse in "especially problematic and hard-to-reach offenders" (Home Office, 2011 as cited on p. 74 of ICPC, 2015).
    • Outcomes:
      • Family-based interventions have been shown to be effective in the UK (HM Government, 2010 as cited in ICPC, 2015).
      • Treatment, especially medical treatment in prisons, is associated with lower rates of recidivism and crime (NTA-NHS, 2009 as cited by ICPC, 2015).

6. Switzerland

    • Strategy:
      • Switzerland's drug strategy has four pillars: 1) prevention, 2) therapy, 3) harm reduction, 4) law enforcement
    • Programs:
      • Drug addiction prevention is integrated into school curriculum (FOPH, n.d-b. as cited in ICPC, 2015).
      • Prescription of substitute drugs (S1, 22.042015 as cited in ICPC, 2015).
      • Residential abstinence-focused treatments
      • Judges may order treatment instead of prison if an offender has committed an addiction-related offense.[42]
      • There are 12 drug consumption rooms across Switzerland (S1, 04.22.2015 as cited in ICPC, 2015).
    • Outcomes:
      • There has been a "demonstrable decline in crime rate" in Switzerland due to therapy interventions and increasing access to substance abuse treatment (S1, 04.22.2015 as cited in ICPC, 2015).
      • Prescription-heroin treatments have been shown reduce drug-related crime in Switzerland. From 1994-1999 percentage of drug addicts receiving prescription heroin treatments who were involved in crime decreased by 40% and number of crimes had decreased by 60% (Aebi, M. F., Ribeaud D., Killias, M., 1999 as cited in ICPC, 2015).

 

  1. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. http://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf
  2. (UNODC, 2010 in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [6]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  3. (Sumnall & Brotherhood, 2012 in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [7]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  4. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [8]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  5. (ONDCP, 2014b, p.19 as cited in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [9]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  6. (Evaluation Directorate & Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada, 2013 in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [10]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  7. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [11]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  8. (Fitzgerald, Burgess, & Snowball, 2010, McDonald, 2011, Payne, Kwiatkowski, & Wundersitz, 2008 in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [12]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  9. (Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, 2009 ; PB2, 11.05.2015 as cited in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [13]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  10. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [14]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  11. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [15]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  12. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [16]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  13. (Trimbos Instituut & WODC, 2009 as cited in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [17]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  14. (Prendergast, Podus, Chang, & Urada, 2002 as cited in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [18]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  15. (Stevens & al., 2005 ; Trimbos-Instituut & WODC, 2009 as cited in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [19]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  16. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [20]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  17. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [21]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  18. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [22]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  19. (Domoslawski, 2012, p.29; P1.11.03.2015 as cited in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [23]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  20. (Domoslawski, 2012, p. 34; P2, 03.11.2015 as cited in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017.[24]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  21. (Domosławski, 2012 ; EMCDDA, n.d. as cited in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [25]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  22. (Hughes & Stevens, 2010)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [26]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  23. (Open Society Foundation as cited in ICPC, 2015)
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [27]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  24. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [28]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  25. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [29]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
  26. Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [30]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].
    • Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [31]//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf].