Difference between revisions of "Reduce Crime, Law Enforcement & Corrections Costs"

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Return to [[Opioid_Top-Level_Strategy_Map|Opioid Top-Level Strategy Map]] __TOC__
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''Return to [[Opioid_Top-Level_Strategy_Map|Opioid Top-Level Strategy Map]]''
  
= Background =
+
----
  
Many studies have shown a link between drug use and crime and that drug users participate in riskier behavior.<sup class="reference">[1]</sup>
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Reducing opioid misuse is not only beneficial to those who might otherwise suffer from addiction and overdose (and their loved ones), but it also has important benefits for communities and society at large.&nbsp; There are many ways that communities suffer when opioid addiciton is high—including higher rates of crime, high stress (and cost) for law enforcement and other first responders, and a high cost to the justice and corrections system (even if they are adopting practices that support treatment and recovery).&nbsp; These costs impact every citizen, so clearly communicating the value of reducing these negative impacts should help build support for investing in the strategies to achieve success.&nbsp; &nbsp;
  
*Heroin addicts participate in a higher proportion of criminal activity outside of the crimes specific to drug possession than other drug users.
+
= Background =
*Generally the more an addict uses the more crime they commit.<sup class="reference">[2]</sup>
 
*These drug-related crimes take an economic toll on the criminal justice system. A recent article from the American Academy of Pain Medicine reports that opioid misuse cost the criminal justice system $5.1 billion.<sup class="reference">[4]</sup><br/> &nbsp;
 
  
= Law Enforcement Accidental Overdoses =
+
== Types of Crimes ==
  
With the distribution of [[Additional_Info_on_Fentanyl|fentanyl]], a powerful opioid that can be lethal in small amounts, law enforcement officers are now at risk of overdose.<sup class="reference">[5]</sup> Fentanyl overdoses can occur by:
+
Different types of drug related criminal offenses
  
*Inhalation<sup class="reference">[6]</sup>  
+
*'''Alcohol and substance-defined''' – This means that the person violates the law regarding or providing the manufacture, distribution, use, or possession of alcohol and illicit substances. Examples may include providing alcohol to minors, production, sales, or distribution of illegal drugs, or illegal drug possession.<ref>https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-abuse-treatment-criminal-justice-populations/introduction</ref>  
*Absorbed through the skin<sup class="reference">[7]</sup>  
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*'''Alcohol and drug-related''' – These include violations of the law because someone is trying to get money to pay for drugs or alcohol or breaking the law because they are under the influence. Examples here may include violence against friends and family, stealing in order to nurse a habit, vandalism, fights, or a DWI charge.<ref>https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-abuse-treatment-criminal-justice-populations/introduction</ref>
 +
*'''Lifestyle''' – Law violations directly related to living a lifestyle where the person may not have a source of income or job and is repeatedly exposed to individuals and situations that promote crime. Examples include relationships developed through the use of illicit substances, meaning the user has more chances to violate the law and learn illegal skills from other offenders.<ref>https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-abuse-treatment-criminal-justice-populations/introduction</ref>  
  
This rise of fentanyl cases will be very costly to law enforcement.
+
== Correlation ==
  
= Types of Crimes =
+
Many studies have shown a link between drug use and crime and that drug users participate in riskier behavior.<ref>Saadatmand, Toma, & Choquette, 2012; Grogger & Willis, 2000; Gordon et al., 2013.</ref>
  
Different types of drug related criminal offenses
+
*Heroin addicts participate in a higher proportion of criminal activity outside of the crimes specific to drug possession than other drug users.
 +
*Generally the more an addict uses the more crime they commit.<ref>Gordon et al., 2013; Blom Nilsson et al., 2014; Hucklesby, 2010</ref>
 +
*These drug-related crimes take an economic toll on the criminal justice system. A recent article from the American Academy of Pain Medicine reports that opioid misuse cost the criminal justice system $5.1 billion.<ref>Birnbaum HG, White AG, Schiller M., Waldman T, Cleveland JM, and Roland CL. Societal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States. Pain Medicine 2011; 12: 657-667. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21392250</ref><br/> &nbsp;
  
*'''Alcohol and substance-defined''' – This means that the person violates the law regarding or providing the manufacture, distribution, use, or possession of alcohol and illicit substances. Examples may include providing alcohol to minors, production, sales, or distribution of illegal drugs, or illegal drug possession.<sup class="reference">[8]</sup>
+
= Law Enforcement Costs =
*'''Alcohol and drug-related''' – These include violations of the law because someone is trying to get money to pay for drugs or alcohol or breaking the law because they are under the influence. Examples here may include violence against friends and family, stealing in order to nurse a habit, vandalism, fights, or a DWI charge.<sup class="reference">[9]</sup>
 
*'''Lifestyle''' – Law violations directly related to living a lifestyle where the person may not have a source of income or job and is repeatedly exposed to individuals and situations that promote crime. Examples include relationships developed through the use of illicit substances, meaning the user has more chances to violate the law and learn illegal skills from other offenders.<sup class="reference">[10]</sup>
 
  
= Current Crime Reduction Efforts in Other Countries =
+
There is general agreement that the opioid epidemic has led to increased costs for the Criminal Justice system. Those costs to can be broadly categorized in three areas: opioid-related arrests, court costs, and incarceration. A 2019 study of costs to the Pennsylvania criminal justice system found&nbsp;costs of the opioid crisis for the period of 2007 to 2016 were over $526 million,&nbsp;with most of that accounted for by state corrections. Pennsylvania court costs of the opioid crisis from 2007 to 2016 were&nbsp;$74 million. Pennsylvania&nbsp;state&nbsp;prison system costs attributed to the opioid epidemic amounted to&nbsp;$454 million.<ref>Estimated Costs to the Pennsylvania Criminal Justice System Resulting From the Opioid Crisis, American Journal of Managed Care, July 30, 2019. https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2019/deaths-dollars-diverted-resources-opioid-epidemic/estimated-costs-pennsylvania-criminal-justice-system-from-the-opioid-crisis</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;
  
Link to [[Summary_of_Crime_Reduction_Efforts_in_Other_Countries|Summary of Crime Reduction Efforts in Other Countries]].&nbsp;
+
== Accidental Overdoses ==
  
&nbsp;
+
With the distribution of [[Additional_Info_on_Fentanyl|fentanyl]], a powerful opioid that can be lethal in small amounts, law enforcement and emergency responders belive they&nbsp;are now at risk of overdose.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/16/health/police-fentanyl-overdose-trnd/?iid=ob_article_footer_expansion]</ref>&nbsp;Fentanyl overdoses have been reported by law enforment personnel as having&nbsp;occured&nbsp;through inhalation&nbsp;or absorption&nbsp;through the skin during routine encounters.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/16/health/police-fentanyl-overdose-trnd/?iid=ob_article_footer_expansion]</ref>&nbsp;These instances, however, are more myth than reality,<ref>_</ref> and can lead to misplaced fear when law enforement and emergency responders come upon a suspected overdose. Any delay in responding to an overdose could cause brain damage and even death.
  
= Tools + Resources =
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The fact remains that the rise of fentanyl&nbsp;will result in higher law enforcement costs.
  
[[TR_-_Reduce_Crime_Due_to_Opioid_Misuse_&_Law_Enforcement_Costs|TR - Reduce Crime Due to Opioid Misuse & Law Enforcement Costs]]
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= Current Crime Reduction Efforts in Other Countries =
  
= Scorecard Building =
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Link to [[Summary_of_Crime_Reduction_Efforts_in_Other_Countries|Summary of Crime Reduction Efforts in Other Countries]].&nbsp;
 
 
[[PO_-_Reduce_Crime_due_to_Opioid_Misuse|Potential Objective Details]]<br/> [[PM_-_Reduce_Crime_due_to_Opioid_Misuse|Potential Measures and Data Sources]]<br/> [[PA_-_Reduce_Crime_due_to_Opioid_Misuse|Potential Actions and Partners]]
 
 
 
= Resources to Investigate =
 
  
[[RTI_-_Reduce_Crime_due_to_Opioid_Misuse_&_Law_Enforcement_Costs|More RTI on Opioid Misuse & Law Enforcement Costs]]<br/> <br/> <br/> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px">'''<span style="color: #4d4d4d">PAGE MANAGER</span>:''' </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px">[insert name here]</span><br/> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px">'''<span style="color: #4d4d4d">SUBJECT MATTER EXPERT</span>''': </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px">[fill out table below]</span>
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<br/> <br/> <br/> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px">'''<span style="color: #4d4d4d">PAGE MANAGER</span>:''' </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px">[insert name here]</span><br/> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px">'''<span style="color: #4d4d4d">SUBJECT MATTER EXPERT</span>''': </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px">[fill out table below]</span>
  
 
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= Sources =
 
= Sources =
 
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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
----
 
 
 
#Saadatmand, Toma, & Choquette, 2012; Grogger & Willis, 2000; Gordon et al., 2013.
 
#(Gordon et al., 2013; Blom Nilsson et al., 2014; Hucklesby, 2010)
 
#Birnbaum HG, White AG, Schiller M., Waldman T, Cleveland JM, and Roland CL. Societal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States. ''Pain Medicine'' ''2011;'' 12: 657-667.
 
#[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21392250 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21392250]
 
#[http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/16/health/police-fentanyl-overdose-trnd/?iid=ob_article_footer_expansion http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/16/health/police-fentanyl-overdose-trnd/?iid=ob_article_footer_expansion]]
 
#[http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/16/health/police-fentanyl-overdose-trnd/?iid=ob_article_footer_expansion http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/16/health/police-fentanyl-overdose-trnd/?iid=ob_article_footer_expansion]]
 
#[http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/16/health/police-fentanyl-overdose-trnd/?iid=ob_article_footer_expansion http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/16/health/police-fentanyl-overdose-trnd/?iid=ob_article_footer_expansion]]
 
#[http://www.newbeginningsdrugrehab.org/drug-addiction/drug-addiction-and-crime/ http://www.newbeginningsdrugrehab.org/drug-addiction/drug-addiction-and-crime/]]
 
#[http://www.newbeginningsdrugrehab.org/drug-addiction/drug-addiction-and-crime/ http://www.newbeginningsdrugrehab.org/drug-addiction/drug-addiction-and-crime/]]
 
#[http://www.newbeginningsdrugrehab.org/drug-addiction/drug-addiction-and-crime/ http://www.newbeginningsdrugrehab.org/drug-addiction/drug-addiction-and-crime/]]
 
#''Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report''. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [http://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf [1]].
 
#(UNODC, 2013 and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2013 in ICPC, 2015)
 
#*''Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report''. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [http://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf http://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf] 
 
#Can mass media campaigns prevent young people from using drugs? [Government]. Retrieved from (5 June 2015): [http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/massmedia-campaigns http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/massmedia-campaigns]
 
#(Dusenbury, 2000 in ICPC, 2015)
 
#*''Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report''. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [http://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf http://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf] 
 
#(Kumpfer et al., 2003 in ICPC, 2015)
 
#*''Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report''. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [http://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf http://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf] 
 
#(Aebi, Ribeaud, & Killias, 1999, van den Brink et al., 2003, Nadelmann, 2015 in ICPC, 2015)
 
#*''Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report''. Rep. International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC), June 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. [http://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf http://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016//Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pd] 
 
</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
 

Latest revision as of 21:29, 24 March 2020

Return to Opioid Top-Level Strategy Map


Reducing opioid misuse is not only beneficial to those who might otherwise suffer from addiction and overdose (and their loved ones), but it also has important benefits for communities and society at large.  There are many ways that communities suffer when opioid addiciton is high—including higher rates of crime, high stress (and cost) for law enforcement and other first responders, and a high cost to the justice and corrections system (even if they are adopting practices that support treatment and recovery).  These costs impact every citizen, so clearly communicating the value of reducing these negative impacts should help build support for investing in the strategies to achieve success.   

Background

Types of Crimes

Different types of drug related criminal offenses

  • Alcohol and substance-defined – This means that the person violates the law regarding or providing the manufacture, distribution, use, or possession of alcohol and illicit substances. Examples may include providing alcohol to minors, production, sales, or distribution of illegal drugs, or illegal drug possession.[1]
  • Alcohol and drug-related – These include violations of the law because someone is trying to get money to pay for drugs or alcohol or breaking the law because they are under the influence. Examples here may include violence against friends and family, stealing in order to nurse a habit, vandalism, fights, or a DWI charge.[2]
  • Lifestyle – Law violations directly related to living a lifestyle where the person may not have a source of income or job and is repeatedly exposed to individuals and situations that promote crime. Examples include relationships developed through the use of illicit substances, meaning the user has more chances to violate the law and learn illegal skills from other offenders.[3]

Correlation

Many studies have shown a link between drug use and crime and that drug users participate in riskier behavior.[4]

  • Heroin addicts participate in a higher proportion of criminal activity outside of the crimes specific to drug possession than other drug users.
  • Generally the more an addict uses the more crime they commit.[5]
  • These drug-related crimes take an economic toll on the criminal justice system. A recent article from the American Academy of Pain Medicine reports that opioid misuse cost the criminal justice system $5.1 billion.[6]
     

Law Enforcement Costs

There is general agreement that the opioid epidemic has led to increased costs for the Criminal Justice system. Those costs to can be broadly categorized in three areas: opioid-related arrests, court costs, and incarceration. A 2019 study of costs to the Pennsylvania criminal justice system found costs of the opioid crisis for the period of 2007 to 2016 were over $526 million, with most of that accounted for by state corrections. Pennsylvania court costs of the opioid crisis from 2007 to 2016 were $74 million. Pennsylvania state prison system costs attributed to the opioid epidemic amounted to $454 million.[7]  

Accidental Overdoses

With the distribution of fentanyl, a powerful opioid that can be lethal in small amounts, law enforcement and emergency responders belive they are now at risk of overdose.[8] Fentanyl overdoses have been reported by law enforment personnel as having occured through inhalation or absorption through the skin during routine encounters.[9] These instances, however, are more myth than reality,[10] and can lead to misplaced fear when law enforement and emergency responders come upon a suspected overdose. Any delay in responding to an overdose could cause brain damage and even death.

The fact remains that the rise of fentanyl will result in higher law enforcement costs.

Current Crime Reduction Efforts in Other Countries

Link to Summary of Crime Reduction Efforts in Other Countries




PAGE MANAGER: [insert name here]
SUBJECT MATTER EXPERT: [fill out table below]

Reviewer Date Comments
     

Sources

  1. ^ https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-abuse-treatment-criminal-justice-populations/introduction
  2. ^ https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-abuse-treatment-criminal-justice-populations/introduction
  3. ^ https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-abuse-treatment-criminal-justice-populations/introduction
  4. ^ Saadatmand, Toma, & Choquette, 2012; Grogger & Willis, 2000; Gordon et al., 2013.
  5. ^ Gordon et al., 2013; Blom Nilsson et al., 2014; Hucklesby, 2010
  6. ^ Birnbaum HG, White AG, Schiller M., Waldman T, Cleveland JM, and Roland CL. Societal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States. Pain Medicine 2011; 12: 657-667. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21392250
  7. ^ Estimated Costs to the Pennsylvania Criminal Justice System Resulting From the Opioid Crisis, American Journal of Managed Care, July 30, 2019. https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2019/deaths-dollars-diverted-resources-opioid-epidemic/estimated-costs-pennsylvania-criminal-justice-system-from-the-opioid-crisis
  8. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/16/health/police-fentanyl-overdose-trnd/?iid=ob_article_footer_expansion]
  9. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/16/health/police-fentanyl-overdose-trnd/?iid=ob_article_footer_expansion]
  10. ^ _